Review: The Space Merchants, by Frederik Pohl

Review: The Space Merchants, by Frederik Pohl and C. M. Kornbluth

by Rich Horton

I recently had occasion to reexamine some of Frederik Pohl's most significant work, in support of an essay about Pohl's consideration of the future or work and working people. This was quite rewarding -- I've enjoyed Pohl's contributions ever since encountering him in my early teens, but I'd lost touch with his major works. And arguably chief among those is The Space Merchants -- which of course he wrote in collaboration with C. M. Kornbluth.

The Space Merchants is a widely accepted classic of science fiction. I read it with considerable enjoyment in my teens, but as I worked on that essay I realized that I didn't remember it very well at all, so I reread it. And in the process I bought the revised version, from 2011. In this version Pohl said he fixed a few "logical and scientific errors" -- I suppose I'm OK with changes like that. But he also did things like remove references to the year in which the events occurred -- a few decades after 2039 in the original book, so I suppose Pohl thought that seemed uncomfortably close to 2011. And he altered the names of some of the corporations mentioned, which to me is pointless and something of a cheat. (At first I thought, wait a minute, Pohl and Kornbluth predicted FedEx?!) Pohl also added a preface describing the origins of the novel, and of his collaboration with Kornbluth, which was pretty enjoyable and worthwhile.

The novel first appeared as a serial called "Gravy Planet" in Galaxy in June, July, and August of 1952. The book version came out in 1953 from Ballantine, which at that time often issued simultaneous hardcover and paperback first edtions, and did so in this case. It has been reprinted many times since then (indeed, Pohl somewhat ironically discusses that status of latter day reprints in the preface to this edition.) Pohl did write a sequel, The Merchants' War, published in 1984. I have not read that book.

Mitch Courtenay is the protagonist and narrator of the novel. He is a high-ranking copywriter for Fowler-Schocken, one of the leading advertising agencies in the crowded near future Earth. And it turns out that that's an even more important position than we might think, as in this future the advertising agencies essentially hold all the power. The society is basically corporatist, and the battle to increase sales is fundamental. And the best tool corporations have to improve sales is advertising -- so by now the ad agencies pull all the strings. As the novel opens, Mitch gets a plum new assignment, which comes with a promotion -- he is going to lead the advertising effort for the Venus Project -- a plan to colonize (and terraform) Venus. From the perspective of the corporations, this is mainly a way to open up space for new consumers, as Earth is getting terribly crowded. The challenge, for Fowler Schocken and by extension Mitch, is to make the idea of colonizing a hellish place like Venus attractive. But Mitch takes it on, with the help of the first man to land on Venus, Jack O'Shea, a midget, and a cynical man to boot. As Jack says, when asked what he would do to attract colonists to Venus: "I'd tell them a lot of damn lies!" Which is right up an ad man's alley. 

Mitch has another problem, a personal problem: his wife Kathy. He's still desperately in love with her, but the end of their one year marriage contract is approaching and she isn't showing signs of wanting to renew. He hopes his promotion will make her readier to renew, but she's still resistant. And when the Venus Project gets going, she does show some interest in helping him out -- but she also shows perhaps a bit too much interest in Jack O'Shea.

Then a major complication arises -- Mitch's biggest rival in Fowler Schocken seems to be obstructing his work, and when Mitch tries to arrange a confrontation, he is betrayed, and finds himself declared dead, and with a new identity, sent to work in the Chlorella plantations, with the synthetic food processing. This is a typically abusive work environment for this future. It's a company shop, in that food and housing are supplied by the corporation, and the system is set up so that it's almost impossible to avoid falling into debt. Work contracts theoretically expire, but as one adds debt the contract can be extended. The work is difficult and dangerous. This is the look we get in this novel at blue collar working conditions, and of life in general at that economic level. It's pretty horrifying, and the sense is that much of the crowded world lives in similar straits. The reform movement in the book is, however, mostly environmental -- the "Consies" (Conservationists) are the main resistance movement, and while they certainly have adherents among the lower classes, they do seem dominated by better off people. And, inevitably, Mitch gets involved with that movement -- though his plan is to betray the Consies to his superiors, to allow himself to be reinstated to his rightful position.

All this is pretty effective stuff -- sharply satirical, with a sympathetic protagonist who we realize is on the wrong side. The criticism of advertising, and thus of corporate domination, is biting and hits home. Having said that, upon this reread, I found the resolution disappointing -- Mitch's inevitable change of heart seems forced, and the hugger mugger to get to a (mostly) happy ending doesn't convince. The final state of things is ... fair, I suppose? -- but also just what an SF fan wants. In the end, this is a good novel, that did an awful lot of original things, and truly did influence the future of the field -- but it's also a bit of a sellout, and so it remains good but not great.