Review: Nadja, by André Breton

Review: Nadja, by André Breton

a review by Rich Horton

Last year at Windy City Pulp and Paper convention, I got a copy of André Breton's Nadja, a surrealist novel first published in 1928. I hasten to add that Nadja is in no way a "pulp", not even by the debased criteria that labels paperback novels with salacious content "pulp". Instead it was a gift from a friend, another attendee of the convention. This copy is a recent Grove Press printing of a 1960 translation by the fine poet Richard Howard. (It turns out that, shortly after Howard's translation appeared, Breton produced a revised version of Nadja, that has not yet been translated into English.)

André Breton (1896-1966) was a French writer and the leader of the surrealistic movement in literature, author of the Surrealist Manifesto. He studied medicine, worked in a mental hospital, and, after the first World War, started a magazine, Littérature. He wrote prolifically for the rest of his life: poetry, novels, criticism (of literature and art), theory. He was a prolific art collector. He spent much of the Second World War in the US, as his politics and artistic attitudes were distasteful (to say the least) to the Vichy Regime.

Nadja remains, as far as I can tell, Breton's best known novel, though Les Champs Magnétiques (The Magnetic Fields), with Philippe Soupalt; and L'Amour Fou (Mad Love) also have a reputation. Nadja is quite short, a bit less than 25,000 words in the English translation, though there are also 44 black and white photographs (including reproductions of drawings supposedly by the character Nadja). Surrealtistic writing supposedly includes "automatic writing", but I don't really see evidence of that here. And, at risk of forfeiting my avant garde membership card, the novel didn't really do a lot for me.

The book is narrated by a man named André, clearly the author himself. It opens with a long section discussing his life in Paris in the 1920s, the milieu, his friends, and his theories about surrealism and literature in general. Some strange movies are discussed, particularly one set at a grils' school, seeming to depictg the murder of one of the girls by the headmistrass and her friend. The actress, a friend of his, is mentioned. This is all a tad rambling though of some interest.

The long middle section is about Nadja, a mysterious and pretty young womman with whom the married narrator has a brief romance. Their affair consists of several rendezvous at restaurants and such, of discussions of their philosophies, and eventually of a revelations about Nadja -- that she is having mental problems, due to a death in the family, and that hshe is under pscychological care. After which the narrator abandons her, apparently because her oddly surrealistic philosophy of life is revealed to be a sympton of her mental illness. The final section concludes by discussing the narrator's continued devotion to his theories. 

If I had more sympathy with surrealism as a theory of life and art, rather than a sometimes interesting method of displaying reality at on odd angle, I might have enjoyed it more. It is well written, and the translation seems good. I also find surrealism more interesting in visual art, and in poetry, than in prose fiction. But that's just my taste I suppose. I'm glad I read the book, but in the end it's not quite my thing.

Old Bestseller Review: Belinda, by Rhoda Broughton

Old Bestseller Review: Belinda, by Rhoda Broughton

a review by Rich Horton

Rhoda Broughton (1840-1920) was a very popular writer in the last third of the 19th century, and continued publishing until her death. She was born in Wales, the grandaughter of a baronet, and her uncle was Sheridan LeFanu, the great writer of supernatural stories, including Carmilla, one of the earliest vampire stories. Her first two novels were serialized in Dublin University Magazine, edited by LeFanu. Her early novels were popular, but were denigrated as "sensation novels", with plots such as having a married man kill his mistress and himself in despair. Along with Mary Elizabeth Braddon, she was one of the "Queens of the circulating libraries". Belinda was part of her attempt to rehabilitate her reputation with less sensationalistic works. Happily, both Broughton and Braddon have experienced something of a revival in the last few decades.

Belinda's heroine is Belinda Churchill, a young woman (20 at the outset of the novel) who lives with her grandmother and with her younger sister Sarah. They seem to be in comfortable financial circumstances, though their parents must be dead. We meet them in Germany on an extended visit. Sarah, a vivacious and flirtatious girl, has become engaged, for about the seventh time, this time to an aging Professor named Forth. And Belinda meets a young man, David Rivers, whose father is wealthy but, unfortunately in the eyes of Belinda's family, in business. And soon David and Belinda are deeply in love, while Sarah is trying to extricate herself from her inappropriate engagement. The characters are quickly established -- Sarah is effervescent and friendly, Granny is profoundly lazy, Belinda is internally passionate but externally rather cold, hard to get close to. Professor Forth is a bore, and an hypochondriac. David Rivers, it must be said, is a very thin character. The other recurring character is an impossibly rude and pushing woman named Miss Watson, who will not take no for an answer, and in so doing thrusts herself into any social situation at the most unpropritious times. 

David and Belinda's relationship proceeds slowly, due to Belinda's shyness and coldness, and when Sarah finally pushes her to maneuver him to proposing, just as they are about to return home, David leaves suddenly, even as Belinda as arranged a rendezvous. Belinda and Sarah return home, and for some reason David never contacts them. Belinda is thrown into a deep depression, and after the vile Miss Watson reports having seen David Rivers in the company of a young woman, Belinda decides -- against Sarah's desperate opposition -- to agree to marry Professor Forth, with the understanding that it's a loveles (and presumably sexless) marriage, and that he shall teach her Greek and suchlike while she acts as a secretary to him. And so they do marry, and the Professor turns out to be an abusive taskmaster, while Belinda finds that she doesn't find a classical education inspiring (at least not the way the Professor does it) and begins to hate him. And, of course, we learn that David's absence was for a very good reason, and so he's back in the picture,but of course any relationship is entirely improper.

This summary mskes the novel sound downright dreary, but it isn't. Part of this is that though this situation is objectively terrible for Belinda, the novel remains oddly lighthearted, and often funny. Part of this is due to the character of Sarah, who really is a delight. Part is the comic relief -- the awful Miss Watson and the horrible Professor Forth are awful and horrible in quite comical ways. Belinda and David do eventually meet again and are tempted into a technically improper relationship, though of course they never cross boundaries. There is a portrait, clearly drawn from life, of the Professor's college, here called Oxbridge though it's openly based on Oxford, where Broughton was living by that time. There is a climactic trip to the Lake District, after the Professor's insistence on overworking Belinda drives her close to death. And the reader can see all along the only solution -- which comes as no real surprise.

It's not a great novel. The plotting is exiguous, and the key events are implausible. (For that matter, Sarah's initial engagement to Professor Forth makes no sense at all -- it's inconsistent with her character, and clearly just an initiating plot device.) But Broughton is a fine writer, with an eye for appropriate images, and she's effective in characterizing those people she wishes to depict. (Though as noted, when she isn't really interested in close observation, as with David Rivers, the character is essentially a placeholder.) So -- Sarah, Belinda, Miss Watson, the Professor ... all do come to life. The novel is written in present tense (apparently a habit of Broughton's) but that doesn't distract the reader. So -- if not a great novel, this is a pretty good novel, and quite enjoyable.

The reader will probably have noted a distinct echo, in the marriage of Professor Forth and Belinda, to that of Casaubon and Dorothea Brooke in Middlemarch, which appeared a bit more than a decade earlier. The similarties can't be missed, but the two novels are quite different, and certainly Belinda and Dorothea are much different characters. Having said that, it is reliably asserted that Professor Forth is based a rather well known academic, a one time friend of Broughton's, Mark Pattison, the Rector of Oxford's Lincoln College. Pattison was notorious for having married a much younger woman, who refused sexual relations with him after a few years of marriage. And he was considered a bit of a fussy academic -- though, unlike Forth, he was apparently a well-respected teacher. Pattison's friendship with Broughton deteriorated after he began an affair with another much younger woman. Interestingly, one of Pattison's research interests was a man named Isaac Casaubon, about whom he wrote a biography. Casaubon from Middlemarch has also often been associated with Pattison, though this position is controversial. 

Resurrected Review: The Balmoral Nude, by Carolyn Coker

Here's a review I did for my old blog back in 2009, published unrevised. I understand that the author died not too long after that, in 2011. It's a minor work, but so be it!

Resurrected Review: The Balmoral Nude, by Carolyn Coker

by Rich Horton

Back in the early 90s I joined a paperback mystery book club on a trial basis but quickly cancelled my membership. One of the books I received and didn't then read was Carolyn Coker's The Balmoral Nude, a 1990 novel reprinted in paper in 1993. I picked it out of my bookshelves for hard to understand reasons this weekend and figured I'd read it. And it's not too bad, though nothing earthshaking. The heroine, sort of, is Andrea Perkins, an American art restorer who I believe appeared in other Coker novels. [She did -- some five books total.] In this book she is in London doing some work for the Victoria and Albert Museum. She bumps into an old boyfriend, Clayton Foley, who has married a rich Englishwoman, Deborah Fetherston. Deborah's ancestor, Cecil Fetherston, was a second-rate Victorian painter who was executed for murdering a prostitute. Fetherston started a gallery that remains in the family, and they have recently found some old drawings by Fetherston, which they believe can be sold for a tidy sum, particularly the one called "The Balmoral Nude". Clayton and Deborah hire Andrea to restore the drawings before the sale. It soon becomes clear that there are two major bidders: an American nouveau riche couple, and an English academic who wants to use the drawings in his new book about William Gladstone (who was a witness to Fetherston murdering the prostitute). 

It soon becomes clear that someone plans to acquire the drawings by foul means -- one is stolen from Andrea's lab, and another attempt is made which results in the accidental death of a woman who resembles Andrea. And behind the scenes, as it were, we learn that a shadowy woman is being urged by her lover to kill someone in order to get ahold of the drawings -- or perhaps for some other reason? There are three women who seem to be suspects -- the American couple's rackety daughter, who is fooling around with Deborah Fetherston's rackety son; a TV producer who seems to be trying to sleep her way to the top, and who gets embroiled in some controversy about the potential sale of the pictures; and the manager of the Fetherston gallery. Plus Clayton is a shady figure -- already putting moves on Andrea despite having long before rudely ended there previous relationship, and also caught in an embrace with the American daughter. 

It's one of those mystery novels where the main murder doesn't occur until perhaps 3/4 through the book (in fact, in a sense it doesn't occur until perhaps much later, as the victim ends up in a coma). And it's also one of those mystery novels -- all too many, for my taste -- where the murder isn't resolved until the criminal gives it away by committing another murder. I found it breezily readable, but not great. Andrea is far too passive ... she has little to do at all with solving the crime. (In fact, no one does, really -- as I said the murderer gives it away by committing another murder.) There is one nice touch -- a cute resolution to the mystery of the drawing itself, the "Balmoral Nude".

Review: Changing Places, by David Lodge

Review: Changing Places, by David Lodge 

a review by Rich Horton

David Lodge was born in 1935, and died, less than a month short of his 90th birthday, this past New Year's Day. His first novel was published in 1960, and he published a total of 15 novels, as well as plays and short fiction. He was also an academic, primarily at the University of Birmingham, with a couple of interludes in the US, including at Cal Berkeley. He wrote a lot of nonfiction as well, primarily criticism, and some memoirs late in life. I read a few of his novels a number of years ago, with considerable enjoyment, and also some of his critical works, particularly The Art of Fiction. Upon his death I realized I should continue and read his best known three novels, the so-called "Campus Trilogy". The first of these is Changing Places (1975). 

Changing Places opens with the two main characters on airplanes flying in the opposite direction. Philip Swallow, a lecturer at Rummidge University, a "redbrick" institution in the industrial town of Rummidge (obviously modeled on Birmingham) is heading to Euphoria State in Plotinus, near Esseph (even more obviously based on Berkeley and San Francisco) to spend an academic year as a visiting Professor. This is part of an annual exchange between the two universities, and Swallow's counterpart, Morris Zapp, is thus heading to Rummidge. We learn about their motives -- Philip had been feeling stuck -- hadn't published anything in years; while Morris, a much more successful Professor (modeled on Stanley Fish) is having marriage problems: his wife wants a divorce, and he thinks perhaps a year in Europe might give her time to reconsider.

Both of them are at first very much struggling to adapt to their new positions. Philip has no idea what to teach in his assigned classes -- one being on writing a novel (something he has never done.) Zapp is amused and to some extent horrified by the looseness of the teaching at Rummidge, and by the mostly somewhat grimy and underheated accomodations.

One prime mover of the plot is the late '60s student unrest, which has completely engulfed Euphoria State. Swallow never seems to do much teaching, partly because the students go on strike. But he gets involved in their protest movement, sort of by accident, and becomes a surprisingly popular figure. One of the leaders is an old student of his, Charles Boon, who had caused all kinds of trouble at Rummidge and is now heading a late night call in radio show. At the same time Morris gets heavily involved in campus politics at Rummidge, which is also mildly affected by student protests but also affected by such things as who will get the next promotion and who will run the English department after the retirement of the previous rather superannuated leader.

The other issues are more personal, and turn somewhat on their precarious housing arrangements. Philip's house is in a mudslide area, and is subdivided into two flats -- one for him, and the other for three young women, one of whom turns out to be Morris Zapp's daughter thought Philip doesn't know that. They introduce him to pot, and he sleeps with Zapp's daughter before she takes up with Charles Boon. Morris, on the other hand, has vowed to stay celibate while away from his wife (though he had never been faithful before) and he has to deal with the extremely eccentric Irish doctor who lets him the upstairs of his house. And won't say much more except to note that things progress to the point where each of Swallow and Zapp are offered jobs at the university they are visiting ...

The real interest of the novel isn't in the plot, to be sure, but in the comic elements. Lodge has great fun with the academic maneuvering at each college, and also of course with what might be called sex comedy elements. He plays some formal games, too -- each of the six sections is told in a different fashion, including one entirely in letters between the Swallow and Zapp and their respective wives; another uses found text -- newspaper excerpts and such, another is in screenplay form. This is the book in which Lodge introduced the game Humiliation, in which each participant (typically literature academics) cites a very well known text that they have not read, and gets points for how many of the other participants HAVE read it -- so that you do better the more you humiliate yourself by confessing to not have read something everybody else has. 

I liked the book, but found it a bit uneven. Some of the sections were outright hilarious, but some dragged a bit. The student unrest part, and the entire portrayal of what people in those days called the "hippie subculture" seems dated. The academic maneuverings, on the other hand, and the sexual politics, are both essentially timeless, and they work pretty well. Lodge is an enjoyable writer -- often very funny indeed -- and I'll be reading at least the two loose sequels to this novel (Small World and Nice Work) -- I'd already ready a good sampling of the rest of his work.

Review: Euphoria Days, by Pilar Fraile

Review: Euphoria Days, by Pilar Fraile

a review by Rich Horton

Pilar Fraile Amador, who writes as Pilar Fraile, is a Spanish poet and a writer of short stories and novels. Euphoria Days was published as Días de euforia in Spain in 2020, and the English edition, translated by Lizzie Davis, appeared in 2024 from Great Place Books. It is her first novel to be published in English, though there have been several short stories and at least one book of poems.

Euphoria Days is science fiction, taking a satirical look at corporate culture, and at sexual relationships, and at the entanglement of those two things, in a near future setting. There are five central characters: María, Angélica, Blasco, Diana, and Carlos, and the novel weaves its way through their interconnected lives. They are all youngish -- from their twenties to perhaps 40 as the novel begins, and working in the sort of typical jobs you might expect in the near future. María's job is the most overtly SFnal: her company is working on algorithmic ways to optimize "happiness", and one thing they do is assign sexual "matches" among their employees. As the book opens, María's match with Roger is disintegrating, and her projects to improve happiness seem to be foundering, as she is haunted by nightmares about worms. Angélica works in a fertility clinic, and she discovers a notebook from a previous worker that seems to show a continuing decrease in fertility. Blasco and Diana are married, and Diana is a high-powered boss. Blasco is obsessed with online videos of pretty women, and he and Diana's marriage is foundering. Carlos is rather a player, and sort of an outlier in the general group.

Over time these people interact, sometimes without quite knowing it. Relationships form and dissipate. Jobs change. Two of the women have children via IVF (with a fairly open secret about how this in a way tangles their relationships even further.) Over a decade passes, and we get a sense of the world changing -- perhaps disintegrating -- just a tiny step out of notice of the characters, even as their lives oddly mutate. The conclusion is purposely inconclusive -- these are somewhat self-deluded characters, living in a self-deluded milieu.

The novel is effectively satirical, and at the same time an effective portrayal of its characters. Though it's SF, it's not really too interested in its extrapolations. The future is a decaying future, and in the background we hear of severe economic trouble, radical political reorganization, fertility decline, corporate dysfunction, but in the foreground the characters are living lives not too different from today. I might have been interested in further discussion of the happiness optimization algorithm mentioned at the start, but that's not really the intention here. The story suggests that algorithms certainly won't lead us to happiness -- but that our own trendy approaches to life hacks (if you will) are likewise doomed. Euphoria Days is a fine novel, well-written (and well-translated), well-characterized -- recommended.

Review: The Fixed Period, by Anthony Trollope

Review: The Fixed Period, by Anthony Trollope 

a review by Rich Horton

This novel was serialized in 1881/1882, with a book version published the latter year. It is Anthony Trollope's only science fiction novel. I love Trollope's work, so I had to try it. I'll say up front -- it's a pretty minor piece. Only for SF fans and Trollope completists, I'd say, and possibly only for people in the intersection of those sets!

The Fixed Period is set in 1980 on the fictional island of Britannula. Britannula has been independent of England for a few decades, and has established a prosperous and comfortable society. Their laws have one peculiarity: a "fixed period" of life: anyone reaching the age of 67 will be "deposited" in comfort for one year, then humanely put down. The idea is to preserve people from the ills of old age, and  to remove the burden of unproductive people from the economy.

This law was passed when no one neared that age. The novel is narrated by the President of Britannula, Mr. Neverbend (a typical Trollope name with a meaning), who spearheaded the movement for the Fixed Period. But he tells us from the start that the law has been suspended, and that Britannula has lost its independence, and is again a colony of the British Empire. He is writing this account in order to promote his ideas, and to complain about England's actions.

The trouble starts when the oldest resident of Britannula is approaching the age of 67. This is Mr. Crasweller, who is a wealthy man, and who is also Mr. Neverbend's best friend. Mr. Crasweller was a supporter of the Fixed Period legislations, but as he approaches the age of "deposition" he is increasingly reluctant. After all, he is quite healthy, in both mind and body. And, indeed, several of the older residents are beginning to make it clear that they too have changed their minds. (Hardly surprising, I say, as I'm 65 myself!) But Mr. Neverbend, true to his name, insists that the law must be enforced, and expresses his disappointment with his friend's weakness. (He is about 10 years younger -- who knows what he'd think if he was the same age!)

Mr. Crasweller's beautiful daughter Eva is another factor. Naturally, she doesn't want her father to be killed. But whoever married her stands to gain control of the Crasweller estate. One of her suitors, then, is quickly revealed as a opportunistic troll who will be glad to see Eva's father die ... but another suitor is the President's son, Jack, who, for the sake of Eva, takes up against his father's beloved Fixed Period. Another complication is a cricket match between a team from England and the locals ... and one of the Englishmen falls for Eva as well.

It's ultimately rather weak, though Trollope is an engaing enough writer that I wasn't bored. The philosophy of the Fixed Period and its opposition are both weakly argued -- the novel would have been more interesting if it was more deeply discussed, though I suspect Trollope didn't have his heart in that. (I do think Trollope is satirizing the notion that a person's only worth is his productivity, his direct economic contributions to society.) The first person narration is an issue as well -- Trollope was an absolute master at the omniscient, author-centric, point of view, and here, with Mr. Neverbend narrating (and controlling the discourse about the Fixed Period) we lose something valuable. The romance plot is paper thin, to boot, and neith Jack nor Eva really draws our interest (except perhaps for Jack's cricket exploits.) Trollope does throw in some very modest extrapolations: a war in which England and France oppose the US and Russia, a super weapon, steam bicycles, a sort of (wired) telegraph, and, most amusingly, cricket played with mechanical bowlers. 

I wondered if this was the first fiction to posit a polity with mandatory euthanasia at a fixed age. The idea has been used since in SF, of course, with the most famous examples being Isaac Asimov's Pebble in the Sky, in which the far future Earth mandates euthanasia at 60, and William Nolan and George Clayton Johnson's Logan's Run, in which the age of euthanasia is 21 (though elevated to 30 for the movie version.) Offhand I can't think of any SF with that concept earlier than 1950, when Pebble in the Sky was published, but I wouldn't be surprised if a story or two from the pulp era had posited such an idea. That would still leave primacy with Trollope -- but it turns out he actually got the idea from a Jacobean-era play! This was The Old Law, by Thomas Middleton, William Rowley, and Philip Massinger, probably dating to the 1610s. In this play, men are to be killed when they reach the age of 80, and women at the age of 60! (As one character says, "There was no woman in this Senate, certes".) It turns out this law is a fake, designed to test the virtues of the citizenship -- those who do not resist the law are deemed to be bad people. Thus, the play doesn't QUITE portray a society with mandatory euthansia -- but it certainly portrays the idea.

One final irony: shortly after this novel was published, Trollope died -- at the age of 67.

My Reading and Writing Summary: 2024

My Reading and Writing Summary: 2024

by Rich Horton

Last year I read a total of 102 novels, 6 collections, 3 works of non-fiction. Fifty-one of the novels were by men, and fifty-one by women, as close to even as you can get, mostly by accident. Nine of the novels were from 2024. Six novels were translations -- two from the Japanese, two from Russian, one from Italian, one from French. 

The best novels I read last year were Anna Karenina, Harriet Hume, We Are All Completely Beside Ourselves, and The Last Samurai. The most sheerly enjoyable were the four Anthony Trollope novels I read. Other really good novels included Peace, by Gene Wolfe; The Lonely Girl, by Edna O'Brien; Leaping Man Hill, by Carol Emshwiller; Doting, by Henry Green; and Everyone Knows Your Mother is a Witch, by Rivka Galchen. The best SF novel was Orbital, by Samantha Harvey. The best SF/F novel from 2024 was The Ministry of Time, by Kaliane Bradley, with honorable mention to Aliya Whitely's Three Eight One, Kelly Link's The Book of Love, Paolo Bacigalupi's Navola, and Mark Rigney's Vinyl Wonderland. The best novellas from 2024 were A Mourning Coat, by Alex Jeffers; and The Practice, the Horizon, and the Chain, by Sofia Samatar; with The Tusks of Extinction by Ray Nayler also a contender. My favorite non-fiction and favorite recent collection were both by E. Lily Yu: Break, Blow, Burn & Make; and Jewel Box, respectively. 

I published reviews of almost all of those novels either here or at Black Gate, with a review of Cordwainer Smith's Norstrilia in Bruce Gillespie's SF Commentary #118, and a look at Frederik Pohl's SF from a labor perspective in a special issue of Journey Planet edited by Olav Rokne and Amanda Wakaruk, and a Curiosities piece for F&SF on Una Silberrad's 1911 novel The Affairs of John Bolsover. I also published a disheartening quantity of obituaries, all at Black Gate. And I did a few other posts, including lists of favorite SF novels, and of favorite short fiction, from roughly the last 30 years. Following are links to my favorite pieces:

General

"Iconic" SF novels of the 21st Century

SF Hall of Fame 1989-2018

Anthologies I Never Got to Publish

Hugo Novel Nominees, 2024: Review Summary

The Stories and Novels of T. L. Sherred

The Novels of Carol Emshwiller

Pseudonyms Quiz

The Second Inquisition

Obituaries

Barry N. Malzberg

Vernor Vinge

Brian Stableford

Christopher Priest

Terry Bisson/Howard Waldrop/Tom Purdom

Reviews

We Are All Completely Beside Ourselves

Harriet Hume

The Game

Anna Karenina

Peace

The Ministry of Time

Edges

Doting

Love's Shadow

Hester

Framley Parsonage

Vinyl Wonderland

Jewel Box

Break, Blow, Burn & Make

Galactic Gambit

In the Hands of Glory

Who Was Changed and Who Was Dead

Everyone Knows Your Mother is a Witch

The City and Its Uncertain Walls

A Mourning Coat

Orbital

The Last Samurai

The Constant Nymph

Always Coming Home

An Infinite Summer

Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day